422. Anja Frei, Marco Kaufmann, Rebecca Amati, etc., Development of hybrid immunity during a period of high incidence of Omicron infections, 2023.07.05, https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyad098 . This first study on functional and hybrid immunity in the Swiss general population after Omicron waves showed that SARS-CoV-2 has become endemic. The high levels of antibodies and neutralization support the emerging recommendations of some countries where booster vaccinations are still strongly recommended for vulnerable persons but less so for the general population.

421. Dipesh Solanky, Olivia L McGovern, Jonathan R Edwards, etc., Prescribing of Outpatient Antibiotics Commonly Used for Respiratory Infections Among Adults Before and During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic in Brazil, 2023.07.05, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciad183 . Substantial increases in outpatient prescribing rates for azithromycin and ceftriaxone were observed in Brazil during the pandemic with prescribing rates being disproportionally different by age and sex. General practitioners and gynecologists were the most common prescribers of azithromycin and ceftriaxone during the pandemic, identifying them as potential specialties for antimicrobial stewardship interventions.

420. Fernanda C Lessa , Dawn M Sievert, Antibiotic Resistance: A Global Problem and the Need to Do More, 2023.07.05, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciad226 . Antibiotic resistance (AR) has long threatened the advances of modern medicine. Widespread use of penicillin in clinical therapy started in 1943, and a decade later penicillin resistance had already become a major clinical problem.

419. Ashley Styczynski, Carolyn Herzig, Ulzii-Orshikh Luvsansharav, etc., Using Colonization to Understand the Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance Across Low- and Middle-Income Countries, 2023.07.05, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciad224 . Supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the ARCH studies seek to characterize the burden of antibiotic resistance by examining colonization prevalence at the community and hospital level and to evaluate for risk factors that are associated with colonization. In this supplement, 7 articles present results from these initial studies.

418. John Harrington , David Ngira, National Identities in Global Health: Kenya’s Vaccine Diplomacy During the Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023.06.28, https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adad015 . How do national identities matter in global health? Our paper addresses this question through a study of Kenya’s vaccine diplomacy during the Covid-19 pandemic.

417. Adrian Egli, ChatGPT, GPT-4, and other large language models – the next revolution for clinical microbiology?, 2023.07.03, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciad407 . Recently released by the company OpenAI, ChatGPT was trained on billions of unknown text elements (tokens) and rapidly gained wide attention for its ability to respond to questions in an articulate manner across a wide range of knowledge domains. These potentially disruptive large language model (LLM) technologies have a broad range of conceivable applications in medicine and medical microbiology. In this opinion article, I will describe how chatbot technologies work and discuss the strength and weaknesses of ChatGPT, GPT-4, and other LLMs for applications in the routine diagnostic laboratory, focusing on various use cases for the pre- to post-analytical process.

417. Samuel Kruger, Gonzalo Maturana, Jordan Nickerson, How Has COVID-19 Impacted Research Production in Economics and Finance? , 2022.11.30, https://academic.oup.com/rfs/advance-article/doi/10.1093/rfs/hhac087/6854998 . The article assesses COVID-19’s impact on financial and economic research production.

416. Kasim Allel, Anne Peters, José Conejeros, etc., Antibiotic Consumption During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic and Emergence of Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Lineages Among Inpatients in a Chilean Hospital: A Time-Series Study and Phylogenomic Analysis, 2023.07.05, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciad151 . AU and the frequency of CP-CRE increased after COVID-19 onset. The increase in CP-CRKpn was driven by the emergence of novel genomic lineages. Our observations highlight the need to strengthen infection prevention and control and antimicrobial stewardship efforts.

415. Jordan M Goodwin, USAF, Philip M Golder, etc., Designing a Wastewater-Based Epidemiology Study at the U.S. Air Force Academy: Using Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 to Test a Sentinel System for Early Disease Outbreak Detection, 2023.07.05, https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usad239 . Together with ongoing syndromic surveillance data, this proof-of-concept study seeks to determine whether early detection of SARS-CoV2 in a closed system WWTF correlates to changes in community and clinically reported COVID19. The well-documented population served by the geographically discrete WWTF at the U.S. Air Force Academy may serve to better elucidate the adjunctive role of wastewater testing in a comprehensive surveillance system. These results may be of particular interest to the DoD and local commanders given the WWTFs under their immediate control and the information that these studies may provide in support of operational readiness through early detection of disease outbreaks.

414. A Lianne Messchendorp , Ron T Gansevoort, Vaccinated kidney transplant recipients are yet not sufficiently protected against COVID-19, 2023.06.27, https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfad127 . Although the whole world was waiting for a vaccine to become available, these data make clear that an effective and safe vaccine was especially crucial for patients with kidney failure. We hope that (temporarily) changing MMF/MPA into everolimus around vaccination will result in improved protection against disease.

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